{"id":644,"date":"2021-11-27T09:52:18","date_gmt":"2021-11-27T09:52:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.avberkayakdag.com\/?p=644"},"modified":"2024-03-08T15:15:17","modified_gmt":"2024-03-08T15:15:17","slug":"kripto-para-haczi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.avberkayakdag.com\/?p=644","title":{"rendered":"KR\u0130PTO PARA HACZ\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"\n


Kripto Para Nedir?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kripto paralar; i\u015flemleri ve i\u015flem kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye almak i\u00e7in kriptografiyi kullanan, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131k defter teknolojisi ile i\u015flem kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n herkese a\u00e7\u0131k olan bir ortamda(blok zincir) tutulan de\u011fi\u015fim arac\u0131 olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f fiziksel olmayan dijital varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Kripto paran\u0131n sanal para veya elektronik paradan fark\u0131na daha sonra ki yaz\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131zda ay\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011finece\u011fiz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n


Kripto Paran\u0131n Hukuki Niteli\u011fi Nedir?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Kripto paran\u0131n haczi konusunda \u00f6nem te\u015fkil edecek husus kripto paran\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011fidir. Kripto paralar\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tart\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmekte olup d\u00fcnya genelinde hen\u00fcz netlik kazanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Angola-sakson hukuk sistemini uygulayan \u00fclkelerde genel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f s\u00f6z konusu paralar\u0131n niteli\u011finin emtia oldu\u011fu ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u015fya nitelikleri ayr\u0131m\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yani \u015fahs\u0131na m\u00fcnhas\u0131r bir nitelikte oldu\u011fu ifade edilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler mevcuttur. Emtia ticarete konu olan mallar\u0131n genel ad\u0131 olup alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften \u015feker, kahveye kadar geni\u015f bir \u00e7er\u00e7evedir. Avrupa birli\u011fine g\u00f6re ise kripto paran\u0131n, para niteli\u011finde oldu\u011funa y\u00f6nelik kararlar verilmektedir. Birlik \u00fcyesi baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin (\u00d6rne\u011fin Almanya) kripto paralar\u0131n para niteli\u011finde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenlemeler de yapmaktad\u0131r.

T\u00fcrk hukukunda kripto paraya ili\u015fkin 16. 04.2021 tarihine kadar hukuki bir tan\u0131m bulunmamaktayken bu tarihte yay\u0131mlanan \u00d6demelerde Kripto Varl\u0131klar\u0131n Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na Dair Y\u00f6netmelik’in 3. maddesinde kripto varl\u0131k tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu tan\u0131m dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n kripto paran\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011finin ne oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok ne olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Netice olarak kripto varl\u0131klar\u0131 gayri maddi varl\u0131k olarak ifade etmi\u015ftir. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemin y\u00f6netmelik olmas\u0131 ve TC. Merkez Bankas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygulama alan\u0131 dar olan bir d\u00fczenlemedir. Sadece \u00fclkemizde ki kanuni d\u00fczenleme eksikli\u011finden bu g\u00fcnlerde kripto para denilince akla gelen bir d\u00fczenleme halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu y\u00f6netmelik h\u00fckm\u00fc \u015fu \u015fekildedir:

“kripto varl\u0131k, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131k defter teknolojisi veya benzer bir teknoloji kullan\u0131larak sanal olarak olu\u015fturulup dijital a\u011flar \u00fczerinden da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lan, ancak itibari para, kaydi para, elektronik para, \u00f6deme arac\u0131, menkul k\u0131ymet veya di\u011fer sermaye piyasas\u0131 arac\u0131 olarak nitelendirilmeyen gayri maddi varl\u0131klar\u0131 ifade eder.”<\/em>

S\u00f6z konusu y\u00f6netmelik h\u00fckm\u00fcnde bu konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en i\u015fimize yarar k\u0131s\u0131m kripto varl\u0131klar\u0131n “\u00f6deme arac\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131” hususudur. Zira en ba\u015fta \u00f6deme arac\u0131 niteli\u011finden yoksun bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, parasal de\u011feri olsa dahi hukuken para niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir anlam\u0131 kalmayacakt\u0131r.

Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r m\u00fclkiyeti T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’n E\u015fya Hukuku kitab\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. TMK m. 762 “Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r m\u00fclkiyetinin konusu, nitelikleri itibar\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nabilen madd\u00ee \u015feyler ile edinmeye elveri\u015fli olan ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz m\u00fclkiyetinin kapsam\u0131na girmeyen do\u011fal g\u00fc\u00e7lerdir. “<\/em> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kripto paran\u0131n “gayri maddi niteli\u011fi” ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n hukuki tan\u0131m\u0131na da uymamaktad\u0131r. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu belirsizli\u011fin i\u00e7inde kripto paralar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal(bir nevi emtia) h\u00fckm\u00fcnde oldu\u011funun kabul\u00fcn\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok hukuki sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilece\u011fi en az\u0131ndan daha belirli bir hukuki ortam yarataca\u011f\u0131 kanaatindeyim. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kripto Paran\u0131n Haczi<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n


\u00d6ncelikle \u0130cra hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan haciz, bor\u00e7lunun haczedilebilirli\u011fi kanunen engellenmemi\u015f olan ve ekonomik de\u011feri olan mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 unsurlar\u0131na hukuken (bazen hem hukuken hem fiilen) el konulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131 gayet geni\u015f bir kavram olup ekonomik de\u011feri olan ve bor\u00e7luya ait olan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u015feydir. Asl\u0131nda s\u00f6z konusu tan\u0131m g\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u0131z\u0131na ayak uydurmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeterlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130cra iflas hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0130cra \u0130flas kanunu veya ba\u015fkaca kanunlarca belirlenmi\u015f haczedilmezlik kurallar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olan ekonomik de\u011feri olan her mal haczedilebilir.

Yukar\u0131da kripto paran\u0131n niteli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yukar\u0131da ki tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ve mu\u011flakl\u0131ktan daha belirli bir noktaya ge\u00e7mememiz gerekiyor. S\u00f6z konusu kripto paralar\u0131n ekonomik de\u011ferlerinin oldu\u011fu a\u015fikard\u0131r. Ve herhangi bir kanunda veya d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemle kripto para veya varl\u0131klar\u0131n haczedilmeyece\u011fine y\u00f6nelik herhangi bir belirleme bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kripto paralar\u0131n haczi hukuken m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ger\u00e7ekte var olan bir \u015feyin hukuken nitelendirilmesi net olmamas\u0131 sebebiyle hukuken yok say\u0131lmas\u0131 hakkaniyete ayk\u0131r\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca TMK m.1; kanunun, s\u00f6z\u00fcyle ve \u00f6z\u00fcyle de\u011findi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn konularda uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir. Bu kanun h\u00fckm\u00fc uyar\u0131nca da kripto paralar\u0131n haczinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 uygun d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Kripto Para Haczi Hangi Yollarla Yap\u0131labilir?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kripto paralar \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde saklanmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemler so\u011fuk c\u00fczdan, borsalarda ki c\u00fczdanlar veya e-c\u00fczdan y\u00f6ntemi olabilmektedir. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda temel olarak kripto para borsalar\u0131nda hatta sadece T\u00fcrkiye merkezli kripto para borsalar\u0131ndaki (Btct\u00fcrk, Paribu,Bitexen vb.) c\u00fczdanlarda tutulan kripto paralar esas al\u0131narak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u0130\u0130K m.<\/strong> 89’a<\/strong> G\u00f6re<\/strong> Kripto<\/strong> Paran\u0131n<\/strong> Haczi<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n


<\/strong>\u0130\u0130K 89. maddesinin(uygulamada da 89\/1-2-3 diye an\u0131l\u0131r ) amac\u0131, bor\u00e7lunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerde bulunan mal ve alacaklar\u0131n\u0131 haczetmektir. Hamiline ait olmayan veya cirosu kabil bir senetle m\u00fcstenit bulunmayan alacak<\/strong> veya sair bir talep hakk\u0131 <\/strong>veya bor\u00e7lunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131s elindeki ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r bir mal\u0131 <\/strong>\u0130\u0130K m. 89\/1 h\u00fckm\u00fc uyar\u0131nca haczedilir. S\u00f6z konusu ihbarnamenin konusu 3. ki\u015finin elindeki bor\u00e7luya ait olan alacak hakk\u0131, talep hakk\u0131, veya ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal\u0131d\u0131r. Normal hacizden farkl\u0131 olarak 89\/1 ihbarnamesinde bu malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferleri 3. ki\u015finin elinde olup haciz ihbarnamesi de 3. ki\u015fiye g\u00f6nderilmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu ihbarnameyi alan ki\u015fi de borcunu(3. ki\u015finin dosya bor\u00e7lusuna olan borcu) ancak icra dairesine \u00f6deyebilir e\u011fer 3. ki\u015finin elinde ki mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011feri ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal ise icra dairesine teslim edebilir.

Kripto paran\u0131n ekonomik de\u011feri oldu\u011fu da ortadad\u0131r. Kripto para borsas\u0131 bor\u00e7luya ait olan kripto paralar\u0131 elinde tutar. Bu bak\u0131mdan kripto paralar kripto para borsalar\u0131nda al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131l\u0131r yine buralarda ki dijital c\u00fczdanlarda saklan\u0131r. Yani bor\u00e7luya ait s\u00f6z konusu mal varl\u0131klar\u0131 3. ki\u015finin (kripto para borsalar\u0131n\u0131n) elinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan 89\/1 usul\u00fc ile haczi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u0130\u0130K<\/strong> m. 78’e<\/strong> G\u00f6re Kripto Paran\u0131n Haczi<\/strong> <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6z konusu madde \u0130\u0130K m. 89’a g\u00f6re genel bir madde olup genel olarak alacakl\u0131n\u0131n haciz hakk\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemektedir.
\u0130\u0130K m. 106\/2’e g\u00f6re <\/em>bor\u00e7lunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slardaki alaca\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r h\u00fckm\u00fcndedir. Bu da kripto paran\u0131n niteli\u011finden \u00f6te bu kripto paran\u0131n 3. ki\u015fi elinde olmas\u0131 bir alacak hakk\u0131 olu\u015fturur ve bu alacak hakk\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r h\u00fckm\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu kanunda belirtilmi\u015ftir.

Ayr\u0131ca Yarg\u0131tay’\u0131n kripto paraya ili\u015fkin olmasa mevduatlara y\u00f6nelik yerle\u015fik i\u00e7tihad\u0131na g\u00f6re de bankada ki mevduatalar ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r h\u00fckm\u00fcndedir ve \u0130\u0130K 106\/2 g\u00f6ndermesi ile \u0130\u0130K m. 78’e g\u00f6re yaz\u0131lacak yaz\u0131 ile haczi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.

S\u00f6z konusu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar neticesinde uygulamada pek g\u00f6r\u00fclmese de kripto varl\u0131klar\u0131n \u0130\u0130K 78’e g\u00f6re de haczedilebilece\u011fi kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m. Ancak \u015fu a\u015famada yine de 89\/1 ihtarnamesi daha makul g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. \u015e\u00f6yle ki kanunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yazan bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn dahi uygulamas\u0131nda icra dairelerinde s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktayken bu husus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 89\/1 yoluna ba\u015fvurmak daha do\u011fru olaca\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m. Ayr\u0131ca s\u00f6z konusu \u0130\u0130K 89 madde ile \u0130\u0130K 78. uygulama sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitli avantaj ve dezavantajlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Yabanc\u0131 Kripto Para Borsalar\u0131nda Haciz M\u00fcmk\u00fcn M\u00fc?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Yukar\u0131da belirtti\u011fimiz hususlar genel olarak T\u00fcrkiye’de bulunan kripto para borsalar\u0131nda ki (Btct\u00fcrk, Paribu,Bitexen vb.) kripto varl\u0131klar\u0131n haczi i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Birde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015flem hacmine sahip, merkezi yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olan kripto para borsalar\u0131(Binance, Coinbase Exchange, FTX vb.) vard\u0131r. Merkezi yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkede bulunan kripto borsalar\u0131nda ki paran\u0131n yukar\u0131da ki usulle 89\/1 m\u00fczekkeresi g\u00f6nderilerek haczi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmamas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir husustur. Her ne kadar yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na tebligat usul\u00fcne g\u00f6re s\u00f6z konusu \u015firketlere tebligat yap\u0131lsa bile, haciz karar\u0131 icra dairesince verilen bir karar olup bunun uluslararas\u0131 tan\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple yukar\u0131da ki usulde yabanc\u0131 merkezli kripto para borsas\u0131nda ki kripto paralar haczedilemeyecektir. Bu kapsamda Yarg\u0131tay uygulamas\u0131da \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCebri icra ; her devletin kendi \u00fclke ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde haiz oldu\u011fu mutlak g\u00fc\u00e7 ve yetkidir.\u201d<\/em> (Yarg\u0131tay HGK 06.05.1998 1998\/325)

Ancak belirtti\u011fimiz usuller d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 kripto para borsas\u0131nda ki varl\u0131klar\u0131n haczedilmesini sa\u011flayacak ba\u015fkaca imkanlarda mevcuttur. S\u00f6z konusu imkanlarla s\u00fcre\u00e7 biraz zaman al\u0131c\u0131 ve maliyetli olsa da yabanc\u0131 kripto borsalar\u0131nda varl\u0131klar\u0131n haczi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu husus ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131n\u0131n konusu olacak niteliktedir.

Bir sonraki yaz\u0131m\u0131z kripto para haczinden sonra bu paralar\u0131n muhafazas\u0131 paraya \u00e7evrilmesi, sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l yap\u0131labilece\u011fine y\u00f6nelik olacakt\u0131r. \u0130cra takipleri ve kripto para haczi konular\u0131 hakk\u0131nda b\u00fcromuzun ileti\u015fim<\/a> kanallar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla bilgi alabilirsiniz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Web sitemizdeki t\u00fcm makale ve i\u00e7eriklerin telif hakk\u0131 Av. Berkay  Akda\u011f\u2019a aittir. T\u00fcm makaleler hak sahipli\u011finin tescili amac\u0131yla elektronik imzal\u0131 ve zaman damgal\u0131 olarak saklanmaktad\u0131r. Sitemizdeki makalelerin kopyalanarak veya \u00f6zetlenerek izinsiz bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 veya kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde hukuki ve cezai i\u015flem yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/em><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kripto Para Nedir? Kripto paralar; i\u015flemleri ve i\u015flem kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye almak i\u00e7in kriptografiyi kullanan, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131k defter teknolojisi ile i\u015flem kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n herkese a\u00e7\u0131k olan bir ortamda(blok zincir) tutulan de\u011fi\u015fim arac\u0131 olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f fiziksel olmayan dijital varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Kripto paran\u0131n sanal para … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1316,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[65,64,67,59,60,68,66],"class_list":["post-644","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-icra-hukuku","tag-blok-zincir","tag-icra-iflas-hukuku","tag-iik-78","tag-kripto-para","tag-kripto-para-haczi","tag-kripto-paranin-hukuki-niteligi","tag-yurt-disi-icra-takibi"],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nKR\u0130PTO PARA HACZ\u0130 - AVUKAT BERKAY AKDA\u011e<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"KR\u0130PTO PARA HACZ\u0130 AVUKAT BERKAY AKDA\u011e Kripto paralar; i\u015flemleri ve i\u015flem kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye almak i\u00e7in kriptografiyi kullanan, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131k defter teknolojisi ile i\u015flem kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n herkese a\u00e7\u0131k olan bir ortamda(blok zincir) tutulan de\u011fi\u015fim arac\u0131 olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/www.avberkayakdag.com\/?p=644\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"KR\u0130PTO PARA HACZ\u0130 - AVUKAT BERKAY AKDA\u011e\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"KR\u0130PTO PARA HACZ\u0130 AVUKAT BERKAY AKDA\u011e Kripto paralar; 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